28 J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
July - September 2025
:
:
THE PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES OF EDENTULOUS
PATIENTS REGARDING THE MAINTENANCE OF COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHESES
Romeysah AdnanMisbah Khalid1, Omaima Arshad2, Raza Ullah Khan3, Aamir Ghafoor4, 5, Hira Riaz6,
Muhammad Amer Khan7
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the perceptions, attitudes, and practices of edentulous patients
regarding the maintenance and hygiene of complete denture prostheses.
METHODOLOGY
A Cross-sectional descriptive design was conducted at the Department of
Prosthodontics, Islamic International Dental Hospital, from May to October
2023. The sample size of 200 edentulous patients was calculated to achieve a
90% confidence interval with a 5% margin of error. The data collection
procedure followed a structured process to ensure that relevant and accurate
information was gathered from the study participants. The questionnaire was
divided into two main sections: Section 1, which collected demographic data
(e.g., age, education level, and socioeconomic status), and Section 2, which
included information about the number of years the patient had worn
dentures and focused on the patient’s perceptions of maintaining their
complete denture prostheses. It also gathered information on their cleaning
habits, the frequency of professional cleaning, and their source of
information regarding denture care. Data analysis was performed using IBM
SPSS Statistics 23 software.
RESULTS
Most patients self-clean their dentures daily, with the primary method of
cleaning dentures at home being the use of soap and water. However, the
percentage of professional cleaning was relatively low. There was a direct
correlation between education level, income status and denture cleaning.
CONCLUSION
There are gaps in professional cleaning practices and patient education.
While many participants engage in basic denture cleaning routines, the lack
of consistent professional care and reliance on suboptimal cleaning methods
underscore the need for targeted interventions to promote optimal denture
hygiene.
KEYWORDS: Complete Denture, Denture Base, Denture Cleanser, Oral
Hygiene, Patient Education
How to cite this article
Khalid M, Arshad O, Khan RU,
Ghafoor A, Adnan R, Riaz H, et al. A
The Perceptions, Attitudes, and Practices
of Edentulous Patients Regarding the
Maintenance of Complete Denture
Prostheses. J Gandhara Med Dent Sci.
2025;12(3):28-34.https://doi.org/10.3776
2/jgmds.12-3.672
Date of Submission: 21-01-2025
Date Revised: 03-06-2025
Date Acceptance: 14-06-2025
1FCPS, PG Resident 3rd year,
Department of Prosthodontics, Islamic
International Dental Hospital,
Islamabad
2FCPS, PG Resident 3rd year,
Department of Prosthodontics, Islamic
International Dental Hospital,
Islamabad
3Lecturer, Department Prosthodontics,
Islamic International Dental Hospital,
Islamabad
4Associate Professor, Head of
Department of Prosthodontics, Islamic
International Dental Hospital,
Islamabad
6PGR, FCPS, Department of
Prosthodontics, Islamic International
Dental Hospital, Islamabad.
7Lecturer, Department of Dental
Materials, Islamic International Dental
Hospital, Islamabad
Correspondence
5Romeysah Adnan, Demonstrator,
Prosthodontics, Islamic International
Dental Hospital, Islamabad
+92-335-5863846
romeysah98@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
Globally, the rate of edentulism has been estimated to
be between 7% and 69%.1 This percentage has been
reported to increase due to population growth. This
emphasises the fact that there will continue to be
demand for complete denture prostheses and the need
for their maintenance.2 Edentulism, or the loss of
all teeth in one or both jaws, is a major issue with oral
health in the world.3 Complete edentulism is the lack of
teeth in the oral cavity. Adequate dentition is critical for
overall health and enjoyment of life. Edentulism is a
public health burden for older people that has a direct
impact on primary care practice.3,4 By 2030, the number
of edentulous adults aged 65 and older is expected to
rise to 212 million, up from the current estimate of 158
million. In Pakistan, the most popular method for
addressing edentulism is through complete denture
therapy. Traditional full dentures are highly favoured
due to their affordability, aesthetics, and ease of
maintenance.5 The most commonly used denture
material is heat-cure polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA),
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
29J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
July - September 2025
which is porous, allowing it to have a high potential for
accumulating bacteria and dental plaque.6 Therefore,
complete denture prostheses require daily cleaning and
occasional expert care to prevent oral issues associated
with dentures, such as denture stomatitis, angular
cheilitis, burning mouth syndrome, and superimposed
infections.7 The oral health of completely edentulous
patients plays a crucial role in shaping their quality of
life, influencing everything from social connections and
nutrition to their overall well-being and systemic
health.2,8 Even though it is frequently not life-
threatening, the development of oral biofilm on
complete dentures has been linked to both denture
stomatitis and more severe systemic illnesses,
particularly in older individuals who are dependent on
others for care. The risk of systemic health
complications is concerning in older patients as their
immune systems are already compromised, making
them prone to infections originating from poor oral
hygiene. The presence of bacteria and fungi on dentures
can exacerbate chronic conditions such as diabetes and
cardiovascular disease, underscoring the importance of
proper denture care. It is also essential to recognise the
psychosocial implications of wearing dentures. The
appearance of a person's teeth has a significant impact
on their self-esteem and social interactions. Denture
wearers are more conscious of social interactions, and
they may experience social withdrawal or discomfort
due to concerns about the esthetics and functionality of
their dentures. Similarly, oral lesions have been
reported to be primarily prevented by maintaining good
denture hygiene. Candida spp. and bacteria that can
result in denture stomatitis can grow when food
particles are present between the denture and the
gingiva or the denture and the palate. These microbes
could also act as reservoirs for widespread illnesses that
affect the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems.2
Patients need to keep their oral prostheses clean,
regardless of the method they choose for cleaning.
Daily maintenance of the denture helps keep bacterial
growth to a minimum, removes stains, and eliminates
bad odours.9 For a complete denture prosthesis to last a
long time, it is important to understand the aspects that
influence its upkeep and maintenance. The complaints
related to the upkeep and care of dentures have been
taken into account in a few prior research on complete
denture users.10,11 The lack of information in this area
of dentistry allows for more study to be done in this
field, which is crucial to understanding the elements
that influence the maintenance and care of CDP for
both dental professionals (DPs) and elderly patients.12
Patient education plays a vital role in ensuring that
patients follow correct denture hygiene protocols. The
majority of the patients lack basic knowledge about
proper denture maintenance or the potential health risks
associated with poor hygiene practices. The
maintenance of complete denture prostheses plays a
crucial role in the overall oral health and well-being of
edentulous patients. Therefore, the rationale of this
research is to explore how edentulous patients perceive
and manage their denture care. The insights gained will
be valuable in designing patient-centred educational
programs and interventions that promote better hygiene
practices and improve long-term oral health outcomes.
The study aims to evaluate the attitudes, beliefs, and
practices of edentulous patients regarding the
maintenance of complete denture prostheses.
METHODOLOGY
This study employed a quantitative research design to
assess patients‘ perceptions of prosthesis maintenance
from May 2023 to October 2023 at the Department of
Prosthodontics, Islamic International Dental Hospital,
Riphah International University, Islamabad. The
inclusion criteria comprise the patient must be fully
edentulous, meaning they have no remaining natural
teeth, and they must have been using complete dentures
for at least six months, ensuring they have sufficient
experience with the dentures. Exclusion Criteria
included Individuals with cognitive impairments (e.g.,
dementia) are excluded to avoid complications in
understanding or responding to study-related tasks.
Patients who struggle to communicate effectively,
whether due to language barriers, hearing loss, or other
conditions, are excluded to ensure clear interaction and
data collection. Any patient who is unwilling to
participate in the study is excluded, as informed consent
is essential for participation. This ensures that the study
population consists of patients who are capable of
understanding and contributing to the research while
maintaining uniformity in the patient characteristics.
The sample size was calculated to achieve a 90%
confidence interval with a 5% margin of error.
The sample size was calculated using the formula
mentioned above. Convenience sampling was employed
to find participants for the study. The data collection
procedure followed a structured process to ensure that
relevant and accurate information was gathered from
the study participants: The researcher approached
A Study to Assess the Perceptions, Attitudes, and Practice
30 J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
July - September 2025
patients who met the inclusion criteria and provided a
clear explanation of the study’s objectives and methods.
This was done in the waiting area to ensure the process
was efficient and convenient for the patients. Interested
patients were given a consent form and an information
sheet, which they could read to understand the nature of
the study fully. After reviewing the information,
patients who agreed to participate signed the consent
form, affirming their willingness to take part in the
survey. Once consent was obtained, participants were
given a questionnaire to complete. The questionnaire
was divided into two main sections: Section 1, which
collected demographic data (e.g., age, education level,
and socioeconomic status), and Section 2, which
included information about the number of years the
patient had worn dentures and focused on the patient's
perceptions of maintaining their complete denture
prostheses. It also gathered information on their
cleaning habits, the frequency of professional cleaning,
and their source of information regarding denture care.
This procedure ensured that the study gathered both
demographic data and valuable insights into patient
habits and perceptions concerning their denture care,
which would aid in the study’s analysis. The study was
carried out in compliance with the Ethics Committee of
Islamic International Dental Hospital, Riphah
International University, Islamabad. ERC Reference
No. IIDC/IRC/2023/04/023. The participants provided
informed consent for the study before completing the
questionnaire. They gave their consent voluntarily and
were informed that they could withdraw from the study
at any stage. Data analysis was performed using IBM
SPSS Statistics 23 software. Descriptive statistics were
first applied to summarise the demographic
characteristics of the participants and their responses to
the questionnaire. This provided an overview of key
variables, including age, education level, and duration
of denture usage. Inferential statistics, specifically chi-
square tests, were then used to assess potential
associations between demographic factors and patients‘
attitudes toward maintaining their full denture
prostheses. These statistical methods helped determine
whether significant relationships existed between the
variables and allowed for a deeper understanding of the
factors influencing denture care practices.
RESULTS
A total of 200 edentulous patients participated in the
study. Males made up the majority of the patients, at
58.5%, while females accounted for 41.5%. The
educational background of the patients was mainly
primary school education (49%), 31% had secondary
school education, and only 20% had university
education or advanced education. Patients were divided
into three age groups: those under 40 years, which
made up 22% of the patients; the majority of patients
were in the age group between 40 and 60 years, and
21% were above the age of 60. The annual income
varied between more than 600,000 and less than
300,000. 49.5% of patients made more than Rs
600,000. In contrast, 17.5% made less than 300,000/-.
The edentulous patients were classified into four groups
based on the number of years they had been wearing
dentures. Most of the patients had been wearing
dentures for less than 5 years 43%. In other years,
24.5% of patients had more than 10 years of
experience, 18% of patients had been wearing a
prosthesis for less than 10 years, and only 14.5% of
patients had worn a prosthesis for less than a year. The
results of our study showed that only 33.5% of
participants cleaned their dentures once a day, while
18% cleaned them twice a day. However, 48.5% of
patients cleaned their dentures less than once a day. The
cleaning solutions used were mainly soap and water
(63.5%) and denture cleansers (36.5%). The majority of
patients received information about denture
maintenance from their dentist (48.5%), while others
obtained it from the Internet (26.5%). And a few got
tips from friends and family, 25%. When asked about
professional denture cleaning, 65.5% of patients
reported that they had never had their dentures
professionally cleaned. About 23.5% had it cleaned
once a year, while 11% had professional cleaning done
twice or more in the last year. In Statistical Analysis,
Chi-square tests revealed significant associations
between denture cleaning frequency and the variables
of age (p < 0.05), gender (p < 0.05), education level (p
< 0.01), and annual income (p < 0.01). Participants with
higher income and education levels were significantly
more likely to clean their dentures regularly and to
utilise professional cleaning services. Female
participants demonstrated significantly better denture
hygiene practices compared to males (p < 0.05).
Additionally, older patients, particularly those wearing
dentures for over 10 years, showed greater compliance
with denture maintenance routines than younger age
groups (p < 0.05).
Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants
Demographic Characteristics Number %age
Gender
Female 83 41.5%
Male 117 58.5%
Education level
Primary education 98 49%
Secondary education 62 31%
Advanced education 40 20%
Mean age 52.39
Annual income
Less than 300,000/- 35 17.5%
Between 300,000- 600,000/- 66 33%
More than 600,000/- 99 49.5%
A Study to Assess the Perceptions, Attitudes, and Practice
31J Gandhara Med Dent SciJuly - September 2025
Table 2: Denture Maintenance Practices of Study Participants
Denture maintenance Practices Number %age
Frequency of cleansing
Once a day 67 33.5%
Twice a day 36 18%
Less than once a day 97 48.5%
Type of cleansing agent
Denture cleansing tablets or solutions 73 36.5%
Other cleansing agents (soap and water) 127 63.5%
Frequency of professional cleansing
Never 131 65.5%
Once a year 47 23.5%
Twice a year 22 11%
Source of information on denture maintenance
Dentist 97 48.5%
Friends/family 50 25%
Others (Internet, brochures) 53 26.5%
DISCUSSION
The purpose of the study was to evaluate how
edentulous patients felt about maintaining a complete
denture prosthesis. In comparison to our study, where
only 33.5% of participants cleaned their dentures once
daily, and 18% cleaned them twice daily, the 2024
study from Brazil, involving 140 participants, reported
a higher proportion (58.6%) performing once-daily
cleaning, but a lower percentage (8.6%) practising
twice-daily cleaning. While our study found that 48.5%
of individuals cleaned their dentures less than once a
day, indicating a significant lapse in oral hygiene, the
Brazilian research also assessed overall oral care,
noting that 36.4% of participants cleaned both their
dentures and natural teeth regularly.11 This preference
for non-commercial agents aligns with findings from a
2024 multicenter study, where 19.4% of participants
used a combination of water and soap, and 13.4% used
a toothbrush with soap. In contrast, only 2.3% utilised
denture cleansing tablets.11 Similarly, a 2017 study in
India reported that 28.8% of participants used denture
cleansing tablets, while 15.9% used plain water.
Interestingly, 34.1% employed a combination of
brushing and soaking techniques.10 In our study, 65.5%
of participants reported never having their dentures
professionally cleaned, while 23.5% had them cleaned
once a year, and 11% had them cleaned twice a year.
This highlights a significant reliance on self-
maintenance among denture wearers. A similar pattern
was observed in a study conducted in Nigeria, where
59% of participants did not have regular dental check-
ups, and only 3.2% had check-ups once a year. This
suggests that a substantial portion of denture wearers
may not be receiving professional care regularly.13 In
contrast, a study in Central Transylvania, Romania,
reported that 54.3% of respondents cleaned their
dentures 2-3 times a day, and 40.1% cleaned them once
a day. While this study focused on cleaning frequency
rather than professional care, it indicates a higher level
of personal hygiene practices among participants.14
These comparisons underscore the variability in
professional denture cleaning frequencies across
different populations, highlighting the need for
increased awareness and access to professional dental
care for denture wearers. In our study, 48.5% of
participants reported obtaining information on denture
maintenance from their dentist, 25% from friends or
family, and 26.5% from other sources such as the
Internet or brochures. This pattern aligns with findings
from a study conducted in Karad, Maharashtra, India,
where 29.6% of participants received denture hygiene
and maintenance instructions from their treating
dentists. Similarly, a study in Jabalpur City, Madhya
Pradesh, India, found that 52.8% of participants
reported cleaning their oral tissues daily, indicating a
reliance on professional guidance for oral hygiene
practices. These findings are consistent with a 2024
multicenter study conducted in Yemen, which reported
that 59.4% of participants obtained denture care
information from their dentists, while 18.9% relied on
friends or relatives, and only 5.5% sourced information
from the Internet. Similarly, a 2023 study in Athens,
Greece, found that approximately 50% of older adults
received oral hygiene information from their dentist,
with additional sources including media, friends, and
non-dental healthcare providers.15,16 The perception and
practice of denture care depend on one of the most
important themes: social and cultural factors. Cultural
beliefs and practices significantly influence denture
care, often leading to inadequate maintenance due to
stigma and traditional hygiene methods. In various
societies, the use of dentures can carry a stigma,
affecting individuals‘ willingness to seek professional
help or discuss denture hygiene. For instance, among
tribal communities in Tamil Nadu, India, many
individuals use twigs or their fingers for cleaning, with
a significant portion not brushing their teeth daily,
reflecting traditional practices and limited access to
modern dental care. Similarly, in Nigeria‘s Yoruba
ethnic group, cultural beliefs and practices significantly
impact oral health behaviours, with misconceptions and
cultural myths hindering individuals from seeking
professional dental care.24 Economic and demographic
considerations have a significant influence on denture
care. Patients with low incomes often face financial
constraints that prevent them from accessing competent
-dental treatment and high quality denture cleaning
solutions.3 These patients are more likely to opt for less
expensive and less effective methods to clean their
dentures, which may not eliminate biofilm or other
forms of contamination. Several factors, including cost,
accessibility, and a lack of awareness about the value of
professional cleaning, may contribute to the absence of
A Study to Assess the Perceptions, Attitudes, and Practice
32 J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
July - September 2025
professional cleaning.15 For example, in locations where
dental clinics are scarce, particularly in rural areas, the
distance and time required to see a dentist may be too
long for many patients, especially the elderly or those
with mobility concerns. Furthermore, the cost of
professional denture cleaning might be a major
deterrent. For individuals on fixed incomes or without
dental insurance, the cost of routine dental checkups
and professional cleanings may be considered
unnecessary, resulting in rare or nonexistent
professional care. A logistic regression study showed
that age, education, and income level were significant
predictors of professional cleaning. In contrast, older
patients were less likely to have their dentures
professionally cleaned because of accessibility and cost
issues. Older patients, especially those living in rural
areas, often have limited access to dental care facilities
and are less likely to receive regular professional
cleanings.16 However, our study revealed that older
individuals who had been using dentures for more than
10 years were more proficient with denture cleaning
compared to the younger age group. The same results as
this study.17 This proficiency among older patients may
be attributed to their long-term experience and
adaptation to wearing dentures, which can lead to a
better understanding of the necessary care practices.
Additionally, these patients may have established
routines that incorporate regular denture cleaning, thus
making them more consistent in their maintenance
habits. Education and income are crucial determinants
of health behaviours, including oral hygiene practices.
Individuals who have higher levels of education are
more likely to understand the importance of oral health
and the need for regular care and maintenance of their
dental prostheses.16 They are also more likely to have
access to authentic information sources that promote
good oral hygiene practices. Higher-income levels
enable patients to afford professional dental services,
including routine cleanings and check-ups. This can
help in the early detection and management of potential
issues with dentures. Socioeconomic disparities have a
significant impact on denture maintenance and oral
health outcomes, necessitating targeted public health
interventions. Studies have consistently shown that
individuals with lower incomes and lower educational
levels exhibit poorer oral hygiene practices and reduced
access to dental care. For instance, research indicates
that people without formal education are more likely to
be edentulous and less likely to utilise dental services.14
The study by Baba et al. (2018) compared the
effectiveness of mechanical and combination denture-
cleaning methods in terms of denture cleanliness and
patient satisfaction.25 The difference lay in the cleaning
process. Patients presenting in our department mainly
used soap and water for hand hygiene. Patients in the
South Indian population mostly used water to clean
their denture prostheses.18 In our study, the cleaning
solutions used were mainly soap and water (63.5%) and
denture cleansers (36.5%), while in India, the use of
denture cleaning solutions was 25%, rinsing with water
was 35%, using toothpaste was 30%, and detergents
were used in only 10% of cases. Soap and water, while
commonly used, may not be as effective as specialised
denture cleaning solutions in removing microbial
biofilms and stains. Denture cleaning tablets or
solutions are specifically formulated to break down and
remove debris, bacteria, and stains without damaging
the denture material. However, the cost and availability
of these products may influence patients’ choices, with
some opting for more accessible but potentially less
effective methods, such as soap and water. The fact that
most people prefer to use water as a primary cleaning
agent for dentures might be due to a lack of access to
specialised denture cleaning products. Using only water
might not be a feasible solution, especially for people
living in humid environments. It can contribute to faster
bacterial growth on dentures, making denture cleaning
even more difficult. Contrarily, participants with higher
levels of education and income were more likely to
have their dentures cleaned by a professional,
suggesting that these variables may enhance access to
dental care and awareness about denture
maintenance.18,19 In our study, we found that 18% of
denture wearers clean their dentures twice a day,
compared with a survey in Bulgaria, where 65% of
patients reported cleaning their dentures.15 This
highlights the fact that we need to educate our patients
about proper denture maintenance and the possible
adverse effects associated with improperly maintained
dentures. One of the primary adverse effects of
inadequate denture hygiene is the development of oral
infections, which result from the formation of biofilm
on the inner surface of the complete denture. We should
emphasise the importance of periodic consultations
with the dentist, evaluation of the prosthesis,
reinforcing hygiene instructions and increasing
adherence to hygiene practices.20 The fact that the
majority of participants had received information about
denture care from their dentist or dental hygienist is
encouraging, highlighting the importance of dentists
educating patients about oral health.21 To reach patients
who might not have access to regular dental
appointments, it is necessary to look into alternative
information sources.22 There is often a lack of targeted
education for patients about the importance of regular
professional denture cleaning. Without this knowledge,
many patients may not understand the potential risks
associated with inadequate denture care, including oral
infections, discomfort, and a reduced lifespan of the
prosthesis. These barriers highlight the need for more
A Study to Assess the Perceptions, Attitudes, and Practice
33J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
July - September 2025
accessible and affordable dental care services, as well
as enhanced patient education to improve the overall
maintenance of complete dentures. These could include
the internet or pamphlets.23 The study‘s findings offer
insight into how edentulous individuals perceive the
maintenance of complete denture prostheses. Effective
communication and motivation between the patient and
dentist are important factors for denture care and
maintenance.8,21,23 Future research should aim to
include a more diverse participant pool representing
various ethnicities, regions, and income levels. This
broader perspective will help identify unique challenges
and practices related to denture care across different
groups. Expanding the sample to include a variety of
ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographical backgrounds
will provide a more comprehensive understanding of
denture maintenance. Future studies should focus on
developing culturally sensitive educational materials
that address the specific needs and practices of diverse
groups, enhancing health literacy and overcoming
cultural barriers to effective denture care. Tailored oral
health programs and resources should be developed to
promote effective denture care, ensuring they align with
the unique cultural and socioeconomic contexts of the
population. By incorporating these recommendations,
future studies can enhance denture care practices and
improve oral health outcomes for a more diverse range
of denture wearers.
LIMITATIONS
The use of convenience sampling may have introduced
selection bias. Participants were selected based on
accessibility rather than randomisation, which limits the
ability to generalise the findings to the wider
population. The relatively small number of participants
reduces the study‘s statistical power. This may limit the
ability to detect subtle but potentially meaningful
associations between variables. The reliance on self-
reported information regarding denture hygiene
practices introduces the possibility of recall bias and
social desirability bias. Participants may have over- or
underreported their actual behaviours, resulting in
inaccuracies in the data. The study population may not
fully represent the broader diversity of denture wearers
in terms of cultural background, socioeconomic status,
and geographic location. A more diverse and
representative sample would allow for a more
comprehensive understanding of how these factors
influence denture care practices. Expanding the study to
include a larger and more diverse population would
enhance its relevance and provide deeper insights into
the complex interplay between cultural beliefs, attitudes
toward dental care, and denture maintenance
behaviours.
CONCLUSIONS
This study emphasises the importance of expanding
access to professional denture cleaning and instruction
on denture maintenance, particularly for elderly
individuals with lower income and educational
backgrounds. As healthcare providers, we have to equip
our patients with the information that can help them
achieve the best possible oral health. By taking
community-based initiatives and organising public
health campaigns, we can play a fundamental role in
raising awareness about the significance of regular
denture care and professional cleaning. By addressing
challenges such as accessibility, cost, and patient
education, we can build a more equitable healthcare
system that is necessary to support and guide patients in
maintaining optimal denture hygiene. Further studies
may reveal valuable approaches for enhancing denture
upkeep in edentulous patients.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None
FUNDING SOURCES: None
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July - September 2025
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Misbah Khalid - Concept & Design; Data Acquisition;
Data Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting Manuscript;
Omaima Arshad - Concept & Design; Data Acquisition;
Data Analysis/Interpretation ; Drafting Manuscript;
Raza Ullah Khan - Concept & Design; Data Acquisition;
Data Analysis/Interpretation; Critical Revision; Supervision;
Aamir Ghafoor - Concept & Design; Data Acquisition;
Data Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting Manuscript; Critical
Romeysah Adnan - Concept & Design; Data Acquisition;
Data Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting Manuscript; Critical
Hira Riaz - Concept & Design ; Data Acquisition; Drafting
Manuscript; Critical Revision; Supervision; Final Approval
Muhammad Amer Khan - Concept & Design; Data
Acquisition; Data Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting -
Manuscript; Critical Revision; Supervision; Final Approval
Critical Revision;Final Approval
Critical Revision; Final Approval
Final Approval
Revision; Supervision; Final Approval
Revision; Final Approval
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
The authors accept responsibility for all aspects of the work
and will ensure that any concerns regarding the accuracy or
integrity of any part are properly investigated and resolved.
21. Srilakshmi JR, & Saeidi, Behnam & Shantala, & Upadhya, Dr
Mithun & N., Deepthi. A study to assess the perception of
edentulous patients towards the maintenance of complete
denture prostheses. European chemical bulletin. 2023:1736-41.
https://doi.org/10.25301/JPDA.284.187
22. Mushtaq MA, Altaf J, Sheikh MA, Khan MWU, Shah AA.
Assessment of Knowledge and Practices about Denture Hygiene
among Complete Denture Wearers in Lahore City. Journal of
The Pakistan Dental Association. 2019;28(4).
https://doi.org/10.21276/jamdsr