74 J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2025
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
CLINICAL PROFILE AND DISCHARGE CRITERIA COMPLIANCE OF HOSPITALIZED DENGUE
PATIENTS IN PAKISTAN: AN AUDIT-BASED COHORT STUDY
Usman Zafar1, Farrukh Ansar2, Abdul Rehman Masood Khan3, Abdul Rafay Mehmood Khan4, Mazahir Hussain5
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the clinical profile of hospitalized dengue patients and assess
compliance with standardized discharge criteria at a secondary care hospital
in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
METHODOLOGY
A retrospective clinical audit was conducted at Alkhidmat Raazi Hospital in
2024, including 130 patients with laboratory-confirmed dengue infection.
Data on demographics, length of stay, ICU admissions, type of dengue,
diagnostic modality, and fulfillment of the seven discharge criteria were
collected and analyzed.
RESULTS
The mean age of patients was 40.43 ± 15.85 years, with 68.5% being male.
The average hospital stay was 3.67 ± 1.56 days, with no significant difference
between genders (p = 0.525). ICU admission was required in 9.23% of cases.
Most patients (90.8%) had Dengue Fever, and NS1 antigen testing was th e
primary diagnostic modality. Discharge criteria were fully met in 81.5% of
patients. The most commonly unmet criterion was a rising platelet trend
(11.5%), followed by absence of fever without antipyretics (3.8%).
CONCLUSION
The study demonstrates a high level of adherence to discharge protocols,
reflecting sound institutional practices. Structured discharge assessments can
play a crucial role in enhancing patient outcomes and improving healthcare
efficiency during dengue outbreaks in Pakistan.
KEYWORDS: Dengue, Hospitalization, Patient Discharge, Clinical Audit,
Pakistan
How to cite this article
Zafar U, Ansar F, KhanARM, Khan
ARM, Hussain M. Clinical Profile and
Discharge Criteria Compliance of
Hospitalized Dengue Patients in
Pakistan: An Audit-Based Cohort
Study. J Gandhara Med Dent Sci.
2025;12(4):74-78.https://doi.org/10.3776
Date of Submission: 04-09-2025
Date Revised: 20-09-2025
Date Acceptance: 21-09-2025
1Associate Professor, Department of
Medicine, Alkhidmat Raazi Hospital,
Rawalpindi
3Medical Officer, Department of
Rawalpindi
4Medical Officer, Department of
Medicine, Alkhidmat Raazi Hospital,
Medicine, Alkhidmat Raazi Hospital,
5Medical Officer, Department of
Correspondence
2Farrukh Ansar, Medical Officer,
Department of Medicine, Alkhidmat
Raazi Hospital, Rawalpindi
+92-316-5160285
farrukhanser@gmail.com
Medicine, Alkhidmat Raazi Hospital,
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi
INTRODUCTION
Dengue fever remains one of the most significant
mosquito-borne viral diseases globally.1 It is a
substantial public health challenge, particularly in
tropical and subtropical regions.2 The World Health
Organization estimates that approximately 390 million
dengue infections occur annually, with around 96
million manifesting clinically and resulting in varying
degrees of severity.2 Dengue virus infection can range
from a mild febrile illness to severe, life-threatening
forms such as Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and
Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS).3 Early diagnosis,
clinical monitoring, and appropriate patient
management are crucial in reducing morbidity and
mortality associated with this disease.3 As a dengue-
endemic nation, Pakistan has experienced frequent
outbreaks in recent years, which have had a significant
effect on the country's healthcare system.4 In 1994, the
first laboratory-confirmed dengue case in Pakistan was
reported from Karachi.5 According to the National
Institute of Health-Pakistan, in 2021, there were 52,929
cases and 224 deaths from dengue.6 In 2022, there were
roughly 79,007 confirmed cases and 149 deaths.6 The
dengue virus has spread more widely throughout
Pakistan, particularly during the monsoon and post-
monsoon seasons, due to a combination of factors such
as climate, rapid urbanization, and insufficient vector
control.4 High dengue caseloads are commonly reported
in major cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, and
Islamabad, which puts a strain on clinical services and
hospital capacity.7 Dengue continues to cause
significant morbidity and sporadic mortality despite
continuous public health efforts, highlighting the need
for localized studies to better understand the clinical
profiles and management outcomes of affected patients
in Pakistani healthcare settings.8 Dengue infection has a
wide range of clinical symptoms, including high fever,
headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rash,
and bleeding.9 The severity of illness varies
significantly among patients due to factors such as age,
gender, host immune response, and comorbidities.9
Although the majority of patients improve with
supportive care, a specific group advances to severe
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75J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2025
dengue.10 Severe Dengue may lead to plasma leakage,
hemorrhaging, and organ dysfunction, requiring
intensive care management.10 It is essential for
clinicians to assess dengue patients against stringent
discharge criteria to guarantee clinical stability and
reduce the risk of post-discharge deterioration.11 Before
discharge, it is important to check that key indicators
like stable hemodynamics, adequate urine output, no
warning signs, and a recovery of platelet count are all
present. To avoid problems, it is essential to have safety
nets in place, including structured follow-up plans,
educating patients about red-flag symptoms, and
providing clear instructions for emergency care.12
Following evidence-based discharge protocols lowers
the number of readmissions that could have been
avoided and makes dengue management outcomes
better.13 This study aims to provide a comprehensive
evaluation of dengue patients, focusing on demographic
characteristics, clinical severity, hospitalization
duration, and ICU admission rates, with the primary
objective of assessing adherence to standard discharge
criteria to prevent premature discharges. It also seeks to
identify gaps in compliance with these standards and
examine associated outcomes. Given the substantial
impact of dengue outbreaks on Pakistan’s healthcare
system, these findings will help refine clinical
guidelines, strengthen patient care pathways, and
support evidence-based decision-making in hospital
settings.
METHODOLOGY
This retrospective clinical audit was conducted at
Alkhidmat Raazi Hospital, a secondary care facility in
Rawalpindi, Pakistan, in 2024. The study aimed to
assess the demographic and clinical characteristics of
dengue patients, the frequency of ICU admissions, the
length of hospital stays (LOS), and compliance with
standardized discharge criteria. All admitted patients
with confirmed dengue infection during the audit period
were reviewed. All patients admitted to Alkhidmat
Raazi Hospital in 2024 with a confirmed diagnosis of
dengue fever were included in the study. A total of 130
consecutive patients meeting the inclusion criteria were
enrolled. As this was a clinical audit of all eligible cases
during the defined period, no formal sample size
calculation was performed. Confirmation was
established through NS1 antigen detection or dengue-
specific IgG/IgM serological testing. Only those
patients with complete documentation, specifically age,
gender, diagnosis, and discharge evaluation, were
considered eligible. Patients were excluded if they were
discharged against medical advice (AMA), left against
medical advice (LAMA), or had incomplete medical
records, notably if discharge assessment documentation
was missing. Patient data were collected from hospital
medical records. The information extracted included
age and gender, LoS, ICU admission status, type of
dengue (categorized as Dengue Fever, Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever, or Dengue Hemorrhagic Shock),
diagnostic modality used (NS1 antigen detection or
IgG/IgM serology), and the status of each discharge
criterion as per hospital protocol. Two independent
reviewers double-checked data entry to ensure
accuracy. Each patient was evaluated at discharge
against a standardized set of seven clinical criteria to
determine stability and readiness for discharge. This
criterion was established in accordance with the general
guidelines of the World Health Organization and
endorsed by the local government's health department.
These criteria included a pulse rate of less than 90 beats
per minute, pulse pressure greater than 30 mmHg,
absence of visible bleeding in the past 24 hours,
absence of dyspnea, an increasing trend in hematocrit
levels, a rising trend in platelet count, and urine output
exceeding 0.5 mg/kg/hour. Patients were considered to
meet discharge standards only if all seven criteria were
fulfilled. Any partial fulfillment was also recorded for
internal quality improvement purposes. Descriptive
statistics were used to summarize demographic and
clinical variables. Continuous variables, such as age and
LoS, were presented as means ± standard deviation
(SD) or medians with range, based on their distribution.
Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and
percentages. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed
to compare the LoS between genders, given the non-
parametric distribution of the data. The Chi-square test
was used to assess the association between gender and
ICU admission. A p-value of <0.05 was considered
statistically significant. All statistical analyses were
conducted using SPSS version 26.0. Ethical approval
was granted by the Institutional Review Board of
Alkhidmat Raazi Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (Ref
No: IRB/A/04/24). The study was conducted in
accordance with the principles of the Declaration of
Helsinki and adhered to all applicable ethical and
institutional guidelines.
RESULTS
A total of 130 dengue patients with valid age data were
included in this study. The mean age of the cohort was
40.43 ± 15.85 years (range, 15-75 years), with a median
age of 40 years. The gender distribution consisted of 89
males (68.5%) and 41 females (31.5%). The mean age
for females was slightly higher (40.95 years) compared
to males (40.19 years). Baseline characteristics are
shown in Table 1.
Clinical Profile and Discharge Criteria Compliance of Hospitalized
76 J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2025
Table 1: Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of
Patients with Dengue Infection
Characteristic Total (n =
130)
Male (n =
89)
Female (n
= 41)
Age, years
Mean ± SD 40.43 ± 15.8 40.19 ±15.2 40.95 ± 16.5
Gender, n (%) 89 (68.5%) 41 (31.5%)
Length of Stay, days
Mean ± SD 3.67 ± 1.5 3.74 ± 1.6 3.51 ± 1.3
ICU Admission, n
(%)
12 (9.2%) 06 (6.7%) 06 (14.6%)
Dengue Classification, n (%)
Dengue Fever (DF) 118 (90.8%) 84 (71.2%) 34 (28.8%)
Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever (DHF)
11 (8.5%) 05 (45.5%) 06 (54.5%)
Dengue Hemorrhagic
Shock (DHS)
01 (0.7%) 0 01
Testing Method, n (%)
NS1 Antigen 118 (90.8%) 79 (66.9%) 39 (33%)
Serology(IgG or IgM) 13 (10%) 10 (77%) 03 (23%)
The average length of hospital stay for all patients was
3.67 ± 1.56 days, with a range of 1 to 10 days. When
stratified by gender, females had a mean LoS of 3.51 ±
1.36 days (range 2 to 8 days), and males had a mean
LoS of 3.74 ± 1.65 days (range 1 to 10 days). Statistical
comparison using the Mann-Whitney U test revealed no
significant difference in LoS between genders (p =
0.525). Out of the 130 patients, 12 (9.23%) required
admission to the ICU. Females, 6 (14.6%), were
admitted to the ICU compared to 6 (6.7%) males. The
association between ICU admission and gender was not
statistically significant (Chi-square test, p = 0.263).
Among ICU-admitted patients, the mean length of stay
was notably longer, at 5.92 ± 1.93 days, with a range of
4 to 10 days. The majority of patients were diagnosed
with Dengue Fever (DF) (n=118, 90.8%), followed by
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) (n=11, 8.5%), and
one case of Dengue Hemorrhagic Shock (DHS) (0.7%).
Dengue testing predominantly involved NS1 antigen
detection in 118 patients (90.8%), while 13 patients
(10%) underwent serological testing (IgG or IgM). The
audit assessed whether patients met all seven clinical
criteria prior to discharge. Out of 130 patients, 106
(81.5%) fulfilled all criteria. The most frequently unmet
criterion was a rising trend in platelets, observed in 15
(11.5%) patients. Other unmet criteria included being
afebrile for 24 hours without antipyretics (5 patients)
and combinations such as afebrile status plus a rising
platelet trend or concerns regarding pulse pressure.
Adherence to discharge criteria is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Status of Discharge Criteria Fulfillment Among Dengue
Patients
Criteria Status Count %age
All criteria met 106 81.5
Unmet Criteria 24 18.5
Detailed distribution of unmet criteria
Rising trend in platelets 15 11.5
Afebrile for 24 hours without
Antipyretics
05 3.8
Afebrile + Rising trend in platelets 03 2.3
Afebrile + Pulse pressure >30 01 0.8
Improving trend in hematocrit 01 0.8
No Dyspnea 00 00
Criteria: PR <90 bpm, PP >30, no bleeding, no
dyspnea, rising Hct, rising platelets, urine output >0.5
mL/kg/hr
DISCUSSION
This clinical audit provides a valuable and timely
assessment of the implementation of standardized
discharge criteria in dengue patients admitted to a
tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. While demographic
patterns provide important epidemiological context, the
central focus of this study was to evaluate the
consistency and quality of discharge decision-making.
This area carries profound implications for clinical
safety, healthcare resource optimization, and public
health resilience in dengue-prone regions, such as
Pakistan. Among the 130 patients reviewed, 81.5% met
all seven discharge criteria before being sent home.
This is a reassuring figure that reflects considerable
adherence to institutional protocols. These criteria,
comprising a stable pulse rate and pulse pressure,
absence of bleeding and dyspnea, a rising hematocrit
and platelet trend, and adequate urine output, are firmly
grounded in WHO recommendations for safe discharge
in dengue care.14 They serve as practical checkpoints to
verify clinical stability and reduce the risk of
complications after discharge. Although many patients
recover uneventfully, the potential for post-discharge
deterioration, particularly in patients discharged
prematurely, cannot be overlooked, as it may lead to
severe complications. The high level of compliance we
noted in our study reflects good practice. It means that
this facility’s discharge protocols are not only in place,
but they are also actively guiding clinical practice. It
should be noted that almost 18.5% of patients were sent
home without meeting all the requirements. A
demonstrable rising trend in platelet count was the most
Clinical Profile and Discharge Criteria Compliance of Hospitalized
77J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2025
common missing element. Even though platelet count
alone does not always predict bleeding risk, a steady
rise is widely accepted as a sign of hematologic
recovery and is mentioned in national and international
guidelines.15 Discharging patients without this trend,
especially when swayed by subjective clinical
impressions or bed pressure during outbreaks, may lead
to unintended consequences. In healthcare settings with
restricted post-discharge monitoring and patient
education, such decisions contain considerable risks.16
This issue is even worse in Pakistan, where dengue
outbreaks happen every year, especially during the
monsoon season, and put much strain on hospitals.17
The need to make room for patients during these busy
times often leads to quick turnover. If there is no robust
system for checking patients out, this can lead to short-
term relief but long-term harm to the patient.18
Compounding this issue is the reality that many patients
in Pakistan lack reliable follow-up mechanisms or
sufficient awareness of red-flag symptoms, such as
persistent vomiting, mucosal bleeding, or increasing
fatigue, which are suggestive of severe dengue
progression.19 This highlights the importance of
ensuring that patients meet strict discharge criteria
before leaving the hospital, as the window for timely
intervention may not be available once they return to
the community. Educating families on warning signs
such as bleeding, persistent vomiting, and lethargy is
crucial to reducing readmissions. Our findings reinforce
the central role of platelet monitoring in this equation.
The rising trend in platelet count, absent in 11.5% of
cases in this audit, is not merely a laboratory metric; it
is a vital signifier of disease trajectory. Some guidelines
may permit discharge based on overall clinical stability,
even with stable but low platelet counts.20 However,
evidence supports that a rising platelet count,
particularly following the critical defervescence phase,
indicates a favorable turning point in dengue
recovery.21 In a resource-constrained setting like
Pakistan, where repeat lab testing post-discharge is rare
and often unaffordable, hospitals bear the full
responsibility of confirming this recovery trend before
release. Perhaps one of the most commendable
outcomes of this audit is the 100% documentation rate
for discharge criteria. This level of record-keeping
reflects a strong institutional culture of accountability
and demonstrates the integration of audit-based quality
assurance into routine clinical practice. In an
environment where inconsistent documentation and
guideline deviations are standard, this achievement
positions the hospital as a potential model for facilities
across Pakistan striving to elevate their clinical
governance standards. Structured discharge planning is
a crucial component of the healthcare system’s
resilience. Hospitals can keep patients safe and
maximize the use of their limited inpatient resources by
establishing clear, evidence-based standards for patient
discharge.22 During dengue outbreaks, clinical teams
have to make choices about whether to send a patient
home to make room for another one or keep a patient
longer even though they seem to be getting better.
These choices are not only medical, but also ethical and
logistical.23 Evidence-based discharge criteria, like the
ones looked at in this study, give an objective method
to deal with these problems. Additionally, incorporating
discharge protocols into hospital information systems,
clinical checklists, or bedside dashboards can further
enhance the consistency of the discharge process.24 In
Pakistani healthcare settings, digital tools like these are
still not very common, but they could help doctors
make decisions in real time by sending automated alerts
when all discharge parameters are met. Until these
kinds of systems are used in the area, printed discharge
checklists and daily audit briefings can be good low-
cost options.
LIMITATIONS
This study has several limitations that should be
acknowledged. Firstly, the study was conducted at a
single hospital, which may limit the generalizability of
the findings to other healthcare settings. Secondly, the
retrospective nature of the audit relies heavily on the
accuracy and completeness of existing medical records.
Although the documentation was commendably
complete in this case, unrecognized biases or errors
cannot be entirely ruled out. Additionally, while the
study assessed compliance with discharge criteria, it did
not track post-discharge outcomes such as readmissions
or delayed complications, which would have provided a
more comprehensive understanding of the clinical
impact of early or incomplete discharges. Lastly,
patient perspectives, health literacy, and follow-up
adherence were not explored, though these factors may
significantly influence dengue recovery and safety after
discharge. Future prospective multicentre studies could
validate these findings.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this clinical audit highlights a high level
of adherence to discharge criteria among hospitalized
dengue patients in a Pakistani tertiary care setting. The
findings underscore the value of structured, evidence-
based discharge protocols in ensuring patient stability,
minimizing complications, and optimizing resource use
during seasonal dengue surges. However, lapses
particularly around platelet recovery trends indicate the
need for reinforced clinical vigilance and system-level
safeguards. As Pakistan continues to grapple with
Clinical Profile and Discharge Criteria Compliance of Hospitalized
78 J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2025
audits and education, will be essential in enhancing
patient safety and strengthening overall healthcare
delivery. These findings can help guide local health
recurrent dengue outbreaks, the institutionalization of
standardized discharge practices, supported by clinical
authorities in refining hospital discharge policies for
dengue care.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None
FUNDING SOURCES: None
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Usman Zafar - Concept & Design; Data Acquisition; Data
Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting Manuscript; Critical
Revision; Supervision; Final Approval
Farrukh Ansar - Concept & Design; Data
Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting Manuscript; Critical
Revision; Final Approval
Abdul Rehman Masood Khan- Concept & Design; Data
Acquisition; Data Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting
Manuscript; Critical Revision; Final Approval
Abdul Rafay Mehmood Khan - Concept & Design; Data
Acquisition; Data Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting
Manuscript; Critical Revision; Final Approval
Mazahir Hussain - Concept & Design; Data Acquisition;
Drafting Manuscript; Critical Revision; Final Approval
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Clinical Profile and Discharge Criteria Compliance of Hospitalized